Textile finishing is a critical step in fabric manufacturing, transforming raw materials into attractive, functional, and market-ready products. As the final touch in the textile value chain, finishes determine the appearance, texture, performance, and durability of fabrics. Understanding the classification of finishes in textiles helps textile professionals and manufacturers select the most suitable treatments for specific end-uses.
What Is Textile Finishing?
Textile finishing refers to the processes that modify or enhance the properties of fabrics after weaving or knitting. The goal is to make the fabric suitable for consumer use by improving its appearance, handle, and functionality. Whether to add shine, softness, water resistance, or flame retardance, finishing gives textiles their final identity.
Major Classifications of Textile Finishes
Finishes can be classified based on various criteria:
1. Based on the Purpose of the Finish
A. Aesthetic Finishes
These are designed to improve the look and feel of fabrics:
- Calendaring: Gives a smooth, glossy appearance.
- Embossing: Adds 3D surface patterns.
- Napping & Brushing: Produces soft, fuzzy surfaces.
- Beetling: Enhances luster in linen and cotton.
B. Functional Finishes
These enhance performance and utility:
- Waterproofing / Water-repellent: Adds moisture resistance.
- Flame Retardant: Reduces flammability.
- Antimicrobial: Prevents bacterial and fungal growth.
- UV Protection: Shields against harmful UV rays.
2. Based on the Application Method
A. Mechanical Finishes
Involve physical actions such as pressure, heat, and friction:
- Tentering: Straightens and dries fabrics.
- Crabbing and Fulling: Stabilizes wool fabric structure.
- Heat Setting: Improves dimensional stability, especially in synthetics.
B. Chemical Finishes
Use chemical agents to impart properties:
- Mercerization: Increases luster and dye uptake in cotton.
- Bleaching: Removes natural color to prepare for dyeing.
- Softeners, Resins, Antistatic Agents: Enhance texture and function.
3. Based on Durability of the Finish
- Permanent Finishes
Chemically bonded to fabric and last throughout its life.
Example: Mercerization, Crabbing. - Durable Finishes
Withstand multiple washings (up to 50–60), usually lasting through the garment’s normal life.
Example: Durable press, flame-retardant. - Semi-Durable Finishes
Effective for 20–30 wash cycles, often renewable.
Example: Water-repellent, softeners. - Temporary Finishes
Removed after 1–2 washes.
Example: Starch sizing for improved appearance in store displays.
4. Based on Fabric Processing Stage
- Preparatory Finishes: Applied to raw fabrics to remove impurities and prepare for further treatments.
E.g., singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching. - Routine Finishes: Applied to all fabrics to improve basic quality and feel.
E.g., tentering, stiffening, calendering. - Special Finishes: Add specific performance features.
E.g., antimicrobial, UV protection, soil release.
Routine vs. Special Finishes: A Summary
| Routine Finishes | Special Finishes |
|---|---|
| Singeing | Water Repellent |
| Desizing | Antistatic |
| Scouring | Flame Retardant |
| Bleaching | Soil Release |
| Tentering | Ultraviolet Protection |
| Mercerization | Antimicrobial |
Importance of Selecting the Right Finish
Choosing the right finish is essential for:
Enhancing visual appeal
Meeting performance specifications
Extending product life
Complying with market and regulatory demands
For example, sportswear may need moisture absorbency and odor control, while hospital fabrics require antimicrobial and antistatic treatments.
